(*Review Article) Urban Development and Architectural Manifestations of the Parthian Period of Iran (III BC-III AD centuries)

Abstract

The presented article explores the urban development and architectural manifestations of the Parthian period in Iran, spanning from the III century BC to the III century AD. During this era, the Parthian Empire emerged as a formidable power, influencing art, culture, and urban planning across a vast territory. Key cities such as Nisa, Ctesiphon, Hecatompylos, and others serve as focal points for examining innovations in city design that integrate Persian and other regional influences (Greco-Hellenistic, Roman, etc.). Architectural features, including monumental arches, extensive use of vaults, and decorative brickwork, reflect a synthesis of regional styles and advancements in construction techniques. The examination of archaeological findings, such as the remains of the Tagh-e Kasra archway and the layout of urban centers, reveals insights into the socio-political structure, trade networks, and cultural exchanges of the time. This article highlights how the Parthians not only inherited architectural traditions (from the Achaemenids and others) but also adapted and transformed them, resulting in a unique urban landscape that laid the groundwork for subsequent Islamic architecture.