Armenian Churches of New Julfa (Isfahan): Architectural Typology and Characteristics in the Context of Armenian-Iranian Interactions

Abstract

Founded in the early seventeenth century by Armenians forcibly relocated to Iran, New Julfa developed into a distinctive center of Armenian architectural and artistic culture within the Safavid urban environment of Isfahan. This article examines the typology and architectural characteristics of the Armenian churches of New Julfa, focusing on the adaptation of Armenian ecclesiastical traditions through interaction with Iranian architectural forms, construction techniques, and decorative practices. The study analyzes the churches’ spatial organization, structural systems, dome compositions, building materials, urban setting, and interior decoration. Based on their architectural composition, the churches are classified into three principal typological groups: domed churches articulated by four wall piers, domed hall-type churches with various supporting systems, and summer-type churches characterized by open or semi-open apses. The analysis demonstrates that the churches of New Julfa preserve the fundamental principles of Armenian ecclesiastical architecture while incorporating elements of the Safavid architectural environment, thereby creating a distinctive regional architectural expression. These monuments constitute a remarkable example of Armenian diaspora architecture, reflecting the dynamic interaction between Armenian cultural identity and Iranian artistic and architectural traditions in early modern Iran.