Multi-scalar Water Governance: Between State Failures and the Increasing Responsibility of Local Communities

Abstract

In a context of increasing pressure on water resources due to climate change, rapid urbanisation and population growth, the limits of centralised state approaches to water management are becoming increasingly apparent. This study is part of a critical analysis of water governance mechanisms at different scales with views on the role of local communities in a multi-scalar system. Its main objective is to examine the extent to which the State's shortcomings in sustainable water management pave the way for local stakeholders greater responsibility. The methodology is based on a systematic and analytical literature review based on Elinor Ostrom's theory of the commons and multi-scalar governance. Scientific sources, institutional reports as well as national and international normative frameworks were consulted. The results reveal a gradual process of powers delegation, often under constraint, to local authorities and local users, without any effective transfer of technical and financial resources. Furthermore, the research also highlighted the emergence of hybrid arrangements among public, private and community actors, reflecting a reshaping of governance. The results suggest that effective water governance requires a coherent articulation of action at different scales, recognition of local knowledge, and endogenous capacity building. In addition, public water policies need to be rethought in terms of subsidiarity, inclusion and resilience.